Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham
The Viscount Cobham | |
---|---|
Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham depicted by Jean-Baptiste van Loo, c. 1740 | |
Born | (1675-10-24)24 October 1675 Parchim, Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Died | 14 September 1749(1749-09-14) (aged 73) Stowe House |
Buried | Stowe |
Allegiance | Kingdom of England (1685–1707) Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1749) |
Service/ | English Army British Army |
Years of service | 1685–1749 |
Rank | Field Marshal |
Battles/wars | Williamite War in Ireland Nine Years' War War of the Spanish Succession War of the Quadruple Alliance |
Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham PC (24 October 1675 – 14 September 1749) was a British soldier and Whig politician. After serving as a junior officer under William III during the Williamite War in Ireland and during the Nine Years' War, he fought under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, during the War of the Spanish Succession. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance Temple led a force of 4,000 troops on a raid on the Spanish coastline which captured Vigo and occupied it for ten days before withdrawing. In Parliament he generally supported the Whigs but fell out with Sir Robert Walpole in 1733. He was known for his ownership of and modifications to the estate at Stowe and for serving as a political mentor to the young William Pitt.
Military career
Born the son of Sir Richard Temple, 3rd Baronet, and his wife Mary Temple (née Knapp, daughter of Thomas Knapp), Temple was educated at Eton College and Christ's College, Cambridge, and was commissioned as an ensign in Prince George of Denmark's Regiment on 30 June 1685.[1] After becoming a captain in Babington's Regiment in 1689, he fought under William III during the Williamite War in Ireland against the Jacobite Irish Army of James II. He was present at the Siege of Namur in July 1695 during the Nine Years' War.[2]
Temple succeeded his father as 4th Baronet in May 1697 and as Whig member of parliament for Buckingham later that year: he continued to represent either Buckingham or Buckinghamshire for the next 16 years.[2] Promoted to lieutenant colonel on 10 February 1702, he was given his own regiment to command.[2] He fought under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough at the Battle of Venlo in September 1702 and at the Battle of Roermond in October 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession. He also took part in the Battle of Oudenarde in July 1708 and the Siege of Lille in Autumn 1708.[2]
For his good conduct at Lille he was sent home to present the despatches to Queen Anne.[2] In Parliament he supported the Whigs and voted for the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 which allowed Protestants fleeing from the continent to enter Great Britain.[1] Promoted to major-general on 1 January 1709, he fought again at the Battle of Malplaquet in September 1709 and was promoted to lieutenant general on 1 January 1710.[2] In Parliament, in accordance with Whig party policy, he voted for the impeachment of Henry Sacheverell, a clergyman who had criticised the party, in March 1710.[1]
In recognition of his service in the field, Temple was appointed colonel of the Princess Anne of Denmark's Regiment of Dragoons in April 1710.[2] From 1711, he made dramatic changes to his family estate at Stowe; the work was carried out under the guidance of John Vanbrugh, a skilled architect, and the future royal gardener, Charles Bridgeman.[1]
In 1713, the Harley Ministry stripped Temple of his colonelcy for voting against the Treaty of Utrecht. However, after George I ascended the throne following the Hanoverian Succession, Temple became ambassador to Vienna and was created Baron Cobham in October 1714.[2] He became colonel of The Royal Regiment of Dragoons in 1715 and Constable of Windsor Castle in 1716.[1] He was made a Privy Councillor in July 1716[3] and created Viscount Cobham in April 1718.[4]
Temple was a mentor and Patron to a number of young Whigs, the most notable being William Pitt. Collectively they became known as Cobham's Cubs. Two of them, Pitt and Temple's nephew George Grenville went on to be Prime Minister. In September 1719, during the War of the Quadruple Alliance, Temple led a force of 4,000 troops on a raid on the Spanish coastline which captured Vigo and occupied it for ten days before withdrawing.[5][6]
Temple generally supported the government of Sir Robert Walpole once it came to power in April 1721 and was rewarded with the colonelcy of the King's Own Regiment of Horse later that year.[1] He became Governor of Jersey in May 1723[7] and Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire in March 1728.[8]
Later life
Temple fell out with Prime Minister Robert Walpole in 1733 and formed a faction in the Whig Party to oppose the Excise Bill which resulted in his being stripped of his colonelcy again.[1] He was promoted to full general on 27 October 1735.[2]
Temple provided patronage to the rising star of the Whig Party, William Pitt, securing him a cornet's commission in his regiment. The group of Temple's young supporters were known as Cobham's Cubs and included Richard Grenville, George Grenville and George Lyttelton, as well as Pitt. After Walpole's fall as Prime Minister in 1742, they turned their attacks on his replacement – a government led by Lord Wilmington and Lord Carteret.[1]
Promoted to field marshal on 10 July 1742,[9] Temple became colonel of the 1st Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards that same day,[9] colonel of Viscount Cobham's Regiment of Horse in 1744 and colonel of Viscount Cobham's Regiment of Dragoons in June 1745.[10] He died at Stowe on 13 September 1749 and was buried there.[11]
Family
In September 1715 Temple married Anne Halsey, daughter of Edmund Halsey who had owned the Anchor Brewery: her inheritance allowed Temple to maintain the Stowe estate; they had no surviving children.[11] (Their daughter, Elizabeth, was born on 1 September 1738, and baptised at St James' Church, Westminster, on 28 September. She died shortly before her 4th birthday and was buried on the family estate on 16 July 1742[12]). Cobham came to an agreement with his heirs, distant cousins on whom the estate would have been entailed, on order to favour the family of his sister Hester Grenville. Hester's eldest son would take the name Grenville-Temple and eventually inherit the title 2nd Viscount Cobham and the estates of Wotton and Stowe.[13]
Legacy
Temple was admired by Alexander Pope, and Temple's gardens were praised by Pope in his Epistle to Burlington as a wonder. Pope wrote a "moral epistle" to Temple in 1733 and published it in the same year as An Epistle to the Right Honourable Richard Lord Visct. Cobham. Pope praises Temple as a practical man of the world whose "ruling passion" was service to his country, whatever the cost. Basil Williams said Temple "had all the coarse, roystering bluffness of the hardened old campaigners of that time".[14]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kilburn, Matthew (2004). "Richard Temple, first Viscount Cobham (1675–1749)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27119. Retrieved 25 July 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Heathcote, p. 272
- ^ Hoppit, p. 274
- ^ "No. 5631". The London Gazette. 5 April 1718. p. 2.
- ^ Rodger, p. 229
- ^ "No. 5792". The London Gazette. 20 October 1719. p. 1.
- ^ "No. 6168". The London Gazette. 28 May 1723. p. 1.
- ^ "No. 6662". The London Gazette. 26 March 1728. p. 1.
- ^ a b "No. 8134". The London Gazette. 6 July 1742. p. 2.
- ^ "No. 8438". The London Gazette. 4 June 1745. p. 3.
- ^ a b Heathcote, p. 273
- ^ Church register of All Saints Church, Wotton Underwood; Buckinghamshire County Archives
- ^ Bellot, Leland J. "Grenville , Richard, second Earl Temple (1711–1779)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11495. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Williams, p. 40.
Sources
- Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-696-5.
- Hoppit, Julian (2000). A Land of Liberty? England 1689–1727. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198228424.
- Rodger, N. A. M. (2006). Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815. Penguin Books.
- Williams, Basil (1914). The Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Further reading
- Beckett, J. V. (1994). The Rise and Fall of the Grenvilles: Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos, 1710 to 1921. Manchester University Press.
- Bevington, Michael (2002). Stowe: The Garden and the Park. Paul Holberton.
- Gerrard, Christine (1994). The Patriot Opposition to Walpole: Politics, Poetry, and National Myth, 1725–1742. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Temple, Albert R. (1976). Lord Cobham: The Life of Sir Richard Temple, Viscount (1765–1749). The Temple Family Association.
- Wiggin, L. M. (1958). The Faction of Cousins: A Political Account of the Grenvilles, 1733–1763. Yale University Press.
Parliament of England | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by Sir Richard Temple, Bt Alexander Denton | Member of Parliament for Buckingham 1697–1702 With: Alexander Denton 1697–1698 Sir Edmund Denton, Bt 1698–1702 | Succeeded by Sir Edmund Denton, Bt Roger Price |
Preceded by The Viscount Newhaven Goodwin Egerton | Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire 1704–1707 With: The Viscount Newhaven 1704–1705 Robert Dormer 1705–1706 William Egerton 1706–1707 | Succeeded by Parliament of Great Britain |
Preceded by Sir Edmund Denton, Bt Roger Price | Member of Parliament for Buckingham May – December 1705 With: Sir Edmund Denton, Bt | Succeeded by |
Parliament of Great Britain | ||
Preceded by Parliament of England | Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire 1707–1708 With: William Egerton | Succeeded by Sir Edmund Denton, Bt Richard Hampden |
Preceded by | Member of Parliament for Buckingham 1708–1713 With: Alexander Denton 1708–1710 Thomas Chapman 1710–1713 | Succeeded by Thomas Chapman John Radcliffe |
Military offices | ||
Preceded by | Colonel of the Princess Anne of Denmark's Regiment of Dragoons 1710–1713 | Succeeded by William Evans |
Preceded by The Earl of Strafford | Colonel of The Royal Regiment of Dragoons 1715–1721 | Succeeded by |
Preceded by | Colonel of The King's Own Regiment of Horse 1721–1733 | Succeeded by |
Preceded by | Captain and Colonel of the 1st Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards 1742–1745 | Succeeded by Richard Onslow |
Preceded by Clement Neville | Colonel of Viscount Cobham's Regiment of Horse 1744–1745 | Succeeded by Thomas Wentworth |
Preceded by Charles Churchill | Colonel of Viscount Cobham's Regiment of Dragoons 1745–1749 | Succeeded by Sir John Mordaunt |
Honorary titles | ||
Preceded by | Constable of Windsor Castle 1716–1723 | Succeeded by |
Preceded by | Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire 1728–1738 | Succeeded by |
Peerage of Great Britain | ||
New creation | Viscount Cobham 1718–1749 | Succeeded by |
Baron Cobham 1714–1749 | ||
Baronetage of England | ||
Preceded by | Baronet (of Stowe) 1697–1749 | Succeeded by William Temple |
- v
- t
- e
Masters
- Anthony Sayer (1717–1718)
- George Payne (1718–1719)
- John Theophilus Desaguliers (1719–1720)
- George Payne (1720–1721)
- Duke of Montagu (1721–1723)
- Duke of Wharton (1723)
- Earl of Dalkeith (1723–1724)
- Duke of Richmond (1724)
- Lord Paisley (1724–1725)
- Earl of Inchiquin (1726–1727)
- Baron Colerane (1727–1728)
- Baron Kingston (1728–1730)
- Duke of Norfolk (1730–1731)
- Baron Lovell (1731–1732)
- Viscount Montagu (1732–1733)
- Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1733–1734)
- Earl of Crawford (1734–1735)
- Lord Weymouth (1735–1736)
- Earl of Loudoun (1736–1737)
- Earl of Darnley (1737–1738)
- Marquis of Carnarvon (1738–1739)
- Baron Raymond (1739–1740)
- Earl of Kintore (1740–1741)
- Earl of Morton (1741–1742)
- Baron Ward (1742–1744)
- Lord Cranstoun (1744–1747)
- Baron Byron (1747–1752)
- Baron Carysfort (1752–1753)
- Marquis of Carnarvon (1754–1757)
- Lord Aberdour (1757–1762)
- Earl Ferrers (1762–1764)
- Baron Blayney (1764–1767)
- Duke of Beaufort (1767–1772)
- Baron Petre (1772–1777)
- Duke of Manchester (1777–1782)
- Duke of Cumberland (1782–1790)
- George, Prince of Wales (1792–1813)
- Duke of Sussex (1813)
articles
- History of Freemasonry
- Antient Grand Lodge of England
- United Grand Lodge of England
- James Anderson's The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1723)
- Freemasons' Tavern
- Freemasons' Hall, London
- Royal Society
- Society of Antiquaries of London
- Royal College of Physicians
- Worshipful Society of Apothecaries
- Spalding Gentlemen's Society
- Newtonianism
- English Enlightenment
- Order of the Bath
- Walpole ministries
- Whiggism (Kit-Cat Club)
- Gormogons
- Hellfire Club
- Foundling Hospital
- Unlawful Societies Act 1799
- James Anderson
- John Byrom
- William Stukeley
- William Jones
- Earl of Chesterfield
- Charles Delafaye
- Baron Carpenter
- William Billers
- Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet
- Brook Taylor
- Martin Folkes
- John Arbuthnot
- Charles Cox
- Earl Cornwallis
- Richard Cantillon
- John Machin
- William Rutty
- James Vernon
- John Senex
- James Thornhill
- Earl of Macclesfield
- John Browne
- James Jurin
- James Douglas
- Alexander Stuart
- Ephraim Chambers
- Richard Manningham
- Frank Nicholls
- Richard Rawlinson
- Charles Stanhope
- Lord James Cavendish
- Earl of Hopetoun
- William Richardson
- William Becket
- John Anstis
- Duke of Ancaster
- Charles Hayes
- Edmund Prideaux
- George Shelvocke
- John Woodward
- John Ward
- John Baptist Grano
- Baron King
- Jacques Leblon
- Adolphus Oughton
- Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet
- Viscount Cobham
- Francis Columbine
- Hugh Warburton
- Earl of Pembroke
- Viscount Townshend
- Martin Bladen
- Earl Waldegrave
- Duke of Kingston
- Earl of Burlington
- Earl of Essex
- Duke of Queensberry
- Earl of Deloraine
- Earl of Portmore
- Duke of Marlborough
- Baron Baltimore
- Duke of Atholl
- Marquess of Lothian
- Earl of Balcarres
- Earl of Winchilsea
- Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet
- Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet
- Alexander Brodie
- William Hogarth
- Charles Labelye
- Walter Calverley-Blackett
- Frederick, Prince of Wales
- Thomas Wright
- Edward Gibbon
- Baron Hervey
- Thomas Dunckerley
- William Preston
- Marquess of Hastings
- James Moore Smythe
- Robert Boyle-Walsingham
- Sir Robert de Cornwall
- Batty Langley
- Thomas Arne
- John Soane
- Joseph Banks
- Johan Zoffany
- John Coustos
- Hipólito da Costa
- Meyer Löw Schomberg
- Joseph Salvador
- Sampson Eardley
- Moses Mendez
- Meyer Solomon
- Moses Montefiore
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild
Prime ministers |
---|