August 28–September 2 – The solar storm of 1859, the largest geomagnetic solar storm on record, causes the Northern lights aurora to be visible as far south as Cuba and knocks out telegraph communication. This is also called the Carrington event, Richard Carrington being the first known person to observe solar flares, due to this storm. It is also the first major solar radiation storm to be recorded.[3]
English clergyman Thomas William Webb publishes the first edition of his popular amateur guide Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes.
Attempting to explain Mercury's solar orbit, French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier proposes the existence of a hypothetical planet, Vulcan, inside its orbit and amateur astronomer Edmond Modeste Lescarbault claims to have observed it on March 26.[5]
Wilhelm Peters first describes the guppy (fish Poecilia reticulata) from Venezuela.
Rudolf Virchow publishes Vorlesungen über Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologischer und pathologischer Gewebelehre, a major textbook on cellular pathology.[9]
^Prestwich, Joseph (January 1860). "On the Occurrence of Flint-implements, associated with the Remains of Animals of Extinct Species in Beds of a late Geological Period, in France at Amiens and Abbeville, and in England at Hoxne". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 150: 277–317. doi:10.1098/rstl.1860.0018. hdl:2027/chi.098241705. S2CID 111126826.
^Evans, John (January 1860). "On the Occurrence of Flint Implements in undisturbed Beds of Gravel, Sand, and Clay" (PDF). Archaeologia. 38 (2): 280–307. doi:10.1017/s0261340900001454. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
^Plait, Philip C. (2008). Death from the Skies! – these are the ways the world will end. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-01997-7.
^Recherches astronomiques de l'observatoire de Kasan.
^Baum, Richard; Sheehan, William (1997). In Search of Planet Vulcan, the Ghost in Newton's Clockwork Machine. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-45567-4.
^Published in Journal of the Proceedings of the Society vol. IV, Zoology, no. 16 (10 February 1860) p. 172.
^Parkinson, Justin (2014-07-01). "John Bostock: The man who 'discovered' hay fever". BBC News Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-07-31. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
^Geim, A. K. (2012). "Graphene Prehistory". Physica Scripta. T146: 1–4. Bibcode:2012PhST..146a4003G. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/2012/T146/014003.
^Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some spectroscopic discoveries". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1413–1434. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1413W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1413.
^"The Discovery of Global Warming". American Institute of Physics. February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^"Romanian Inventions". The Reminder (46): 3 (suppl.). June 1983.
^Cayley, Arthur (1859), "A sixth memoir upon quantics", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 149: 61–90, Bibcode:1859RSPT..149...61C, doi:10.1098/rstl.1859.0004, ISSN 0080-4614, JSTOR 108690, Collected Math. Papers, volume 2
^Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (November 1859).
^"Florence Nightingale: Notes on Nursing". 300 Women Who Changed the World. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
^Binding, John (1997). Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge. Truro: Twelveheads Press. ISBN 978-0-906294-39-0.
^Bonnett, Harold (1975). Discovering Traction Engines (rev. ed.). Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-85263-318-2.
^Patented 1860. Wise, David Burgess (1974). "Lenoir: The Motoring Pioneer". In Ward, Ian (ed.). The World of Automobiles. London: Orbis Publishing.
^"Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
